وبلاگ تخصصی مهندسین مرتع و آبخیزداری
Welcome to the Raritan Basin Watershed Alliance Website!(پنج شنبه 85 اسفند 17 ساعت 7:17 عصر )
Partnerships for the protection and restoration of
our water and environmental resources
To find information about each Watershed Management Area, click on the map below.
Not sure where you fit in, view the detailed Basin Map.
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WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT PLANNING(پنج شنبه 85 اسفند 17 ساعت 6:31 عصر )
The Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) administers the Statewide Water Quality Management (WQM) Planning rules, N.J.A.C. 7:15 in conjunction with the Statewide WQM Plan, which together constitute the Continuing Planning Process conducted pursuant to the Water Quality Planning Act, N.J.S.A. 58:11A-1 et seq., the Water Pollution Control Act, N.J.S.A. 58:10A-1 et seq., and N.J.S.A. 13:1D-1 et seq., and as required by Sections 303(e) and 208 of the Federal Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq.). According to these rules, the Commissioner of the DEP shall not undertake, or authorize through the issuance of a permit, any project or activity that affects water quality and conflicts with the applicable sections of adopted WQM Plans or the Statewide WQM Planning rules. The existing rules establish a mechanism for the determination of consistency between proposed projects or activities requiring departmentally issued permits and the WQM Plans. In addition, procedures for the modification of water quality management plans, when necessary, either through amendment or revision are also specified. The revision process has two separate tracks, one that is solely to address documented errors in the existing WQM Plans and the other to address certain specified minor changes to the WQM Plan. The amendment process also has two separate tracks, one that addresses project-specific amendments under specified size limitations and the other which amends the WQM Plans for entire wastewater management planning areas of municipal size or larger. Designated planning agencies with approved procedures may also process WQM Plan amendments, but Plan amendments approved by designated planning agencies are only valid upon adoption by the Department as the Governor designee.
A Wastewater Management Plan (WMP) is a document that provides 20 year planning for wastewater and certain other water quality concerns. The WMP must address a specific planning area and must be submitted to the Department of Environmental Protection by a wastewater management planning agency within a specified time period. The agency with wastewater management planning responsibility for a specific area is determined by the jurisdiction and wastewater-related responsibilities of the various governmental agencies that may exist. For example, if there is a designated planning agency that chooses to exercise wastewater management plan responsibility for its entire planning area, then no other agency has wastewater management plan responsibility for any part of that planning area.During preparation of a WMP, every wastewater management planning agency must notify, seek comments from and offer to confer with all government units that have regulatory or planning jurisdiction over wastewater or land use in the wastewater management planning area, and all government units and public utilities that own, operate, or have contracts or Department permits for sewerage facilities identified in the WMP (other than facilities for their own buildings).
All wastewater management planning agencies must prepare and submit a WMP to the Department by the applicable deadlines. A WMP is valid only upon its adoption by the Governor or his designee as WQM plan amendment; therefore, a WMP must be submitted to the Department and the appropriate designated planning agency along with a written plan amendment request. Agencies required to be notified of the preparation of the WMP will generally endorse the WMP during the WQM plan amendment process.
In addition to preparing and submitting a WMP in accordance with the schedule, certain WQM plan amendments require the preparation of a WMP. With certain limited exceptions, a WMP is required if a WQM plan amendment includes any of the following:
- A new domestic treatment works (DTW) not identified in an existing WQM plan, that requires a NJPDES discharge permit and discharges to surface waters or the land surface, or that has a design capacity of 20,000 gallons per day (GPD) or more;
- An expansion of an existing DTW beyond the capacity identified in an existing WQM plan if the DTW requires a NJPDES discharge permit and discharges to surface water or land surface, or that has a design capacity of 20,000 gallons per day (GPD) or more;
- A modification of a sewer service area depicted in a WQM plan, if the modification affects 10 or more acres, or the disposition of 20,000 gallons per day or more of wastewater.
WMP responsibility and the schedule for submitting a WMP may be changed under an alternative assignment of WMP responsibility or an alternative schedule for WMP submission. For additional information on this procedure or the WMP process in general, please contact the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Watershed Management, PO Box 418, 401 E. State Street, Trenton, NJ 08625-0418.
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storm water(پنج شنبه 85 اسفند 17 ساعت 6:29 عصر )
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In 2004, two sets of new stormwater rules established a comprehensive framework for addressing water quality impacts associated with existing and future stormwater discharges. Newly adopted Stormwater Management Rules emphasize low impact building techniques that will prevent and minimize impact on new development sites using both structural and non-structural techniques such as minimizing land disturbance, minimizing impervious cover, infiltration basins and vegetative filters. These Rules set forth the required components of regional and municipal stormwater management plans and establish the stormwater management design and performance standards for new (proposed) development. The design and performance standards for new development include groundwater recharge, runoff quantity controls, runoff quality controls, and Category One buffers. Details of the performance standards can be found in Subchapter 5 of the Stormwater Management Rules. In addition to the Stormwater Management Rules, the Phase II New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Stormwater Regulation Program Rules were also adopted. These rules govern the issuance of permits to entities that own or operate small municipal separate storm sewer systems known as MS4s. Under this program, permits must be secured by municipalities, certain public complexes such as universities and hospitals, and State, interstate and federal agencies that operate or maintain highways. Related Links |
Water from rain and melting snow that flows over lawns, parking lots and streets is known as stormwater. This water, all called runoff, travels along gutters, into catch basins and through storm drain pipes and ditches, and eventually discharges into our streams and rivers untreated. Along the way, the runoff picks up trash (fast-food wrappers, cigarette butts, styrofoam cups, etc.) and toxins (used motor oil, antifreeze, fertilizers, pesticides, pet droppings, etc.). The transport of these pollutants into local water bodies can result in the destruction of fish, wildlife, and habitats; threats to public health due to contaminated food and drinking water supplies; and losses of recreational and aesthetic values.»» نظرات دیگران ( نظر)
basic information(پنج شنبه 85 اسفند 17 ساعت 6:17 عصر )
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A watershed is the area of land that drains into a body of water such as a river, lake, stream or bay. It is separated from other systems by high points in the area such as hills or slopes. It includes not only the waterway itself but also the entire land area that drains to it. For example, the watershed of a lake would include not only the streams entering the lake but also the land area that drains into those streams and eventually the lake. Drainage basins generally refer to large watersheds that encompass the watersheds of many smaller rivers and streams. Humans have an impact on watersheds in a number of ways. One way people influence watersheds is by changing where stormwater flows. By changing the contour of the land and adding stormwater systems, people change how and where the water goes. The storm drains and catch basins you see along the sidewalks and streets lead to a system of underground pipes that drain directly to local waterways. So where the melted snowflake from your sidewalk goes may be down the storm drain through stormwater pipes and out to the local river. Another way people affect a watershed is by adding potential pollution sources to the watershed. The type of pollutant a rain droplet might pick up on its way through a watershed depends in part on how the land it travels through is used. How the land in a watershed is used by people, whether it is farms, houses or shopping centers, has a direct impact on the water quality of the watershed. When it rains, stormwater carries with it the effects of human activities as it drains off the land into the local waterway. As rain washes over a parking lot, it might pick up litter, road salt and motor oil and carry these pollutants to a local stream. On a farm, rain might wash fertilizers and soil into a pond. Snow melt might wash fertilizers and pesticides from a suburban lawn. To reduce this pollution of stormwater, it"s important to practice pollution prevention. That means preventing pollution at the source, recycling motor oil instead of pouring it onto the street, cleaning up after pets, putting trash into containers rather than littering or reducing our use of fertilizers, pesticides and deicers. For millions of years, water has been used. It is constantly being recycled and reused. It is important to understand how water moves through the Earth"s water cycle, which is defined as the movement of water from the Earth"s surface into the atmosphere and back to the Earth"s surface again. What is Ground Water? Where does the water that rains on your home go? After it leaves your lawn, street or sidewalk, where is it headed? Does it wander into a wetlands? Does it puddle in your backyard? Does it zip down a sink hole? If it soaks into the ground, it becomes ground water. A sizable amount of rainwater runoff seeps into the ground to become ground water. Ground water moves into water-filled layers of porous geologic formations called aquifers. If the aquifer is close to the surface, its ground water can flow into nearby waterways or wetlands, providing a base flow. Depending on your location, aquifers containing ground water can range from a few feet below the surface to several hundred feet underground. Aquifer recharge areas are locations where rainwater and other precipitation seeps into the earth"s surface to enter an aquifer. Contrary to popular belief, aquifers are not flowing underground streams or lakes. Ground water moves at an irregular pace, seeping from more porous soils, from shallow to deeper areas and from places where it enters the Earth"s surface to where it is discharged or withdrawn. A system of more than 100 aquifers is scattered throughout New Jersey, covering 7,500 square miles. Why is Ground Water Important? Ground water is the primary drinking water source for half of the state"s population. Most of this water is obtained from individual domestic wells or public water supplies which tap into aquifers. New Jersey agriculture also depends on a steady supply of clean ground water for irrigation. Ground Water Complications Humans have an impact on ground water in a number of ways. One way people influence ground water is by changing where stormwater flows. By changing the contour of the land and adding impervious surfaces such as roads, parking lots and rooftops, people change how and where water goes. When it rains, the stormwater in a developed area is less able to soak into the ground because the land is now covered with roads, rooftops and parking lots. Less ground water will be recharged and more water will flow directly into streams and rivers. Another way people affect ground water is by adding potential pollution sources. How the land above ground water is used by people, whether it is farms, houses or shopping centers, has a direct impact on ground water quality. As rain washes over a parking lot, it might pick up road salt and motor oil and carry these pollutants to a local aquifer. On a farm or suburban lawn, snow melt might soak fertilizers and pesticides into the ground. When properly used, the amount of ground water pumped out for human purposes is less than what nature supplies to recharge the aquifer. If overused, more water is pumped out than is recharged. With less ground water in the aquifer, it becomes more difficult to use and more susceptible to pollution and salt water intrusion. Water Conservation Conserving water through efficient water use can help prevent pollution. Using less water reduces the runoff of agricultural pollutants pesticides and fertilizers. Diverting less water from waterways or aquifers leaves more water in streams or lakes, protecting existing ecosystems such as wetlands (which absorb certain types of pollution) and water supplies. Water conservation can also save money by reducing pumping and treatment costs both before water reaches your home and after it leaves. Reduced water use may extend the life of existing sewage treatment facilities. It can also eliminate the need to develop a new water supply. New wells and reservoirs are expensive and time consuming to locate and build. How Does Urbanization Change a Watershed?Urbanization (or development) has a great effect on local water resources. It changes how water flows in the watershed and what flows in the water. Both surface and ground water are changed. In the stream, more erosion of stream banks and scouring of channels will occur due to volume increase. This degrades habitat for plant and animal life that depend on clear water. Sediment from eroded stream banks clogs the gills of fish and blocks light needed for plants. The sediment settles to fill in stream channels, lakes and reservoirs. This also increases flooding and the need for dredging to clear streams or lakes for boating. In addition to the high flows caused by urbanization, the increased runoff also contains increased contaminants. These include litter, cigarette butts and other debris from sidewalks and streets, motor oil poured into storm sewers, heavy metals from brake linings, settled air pollutants from car exhaust and pesticides and fertilizers from lawn care. These contaminants reach local waterways quickly after a storm. Stormwater Sewer Basics Stormwater flows into the stormwater system through a storm drain. These are frequently located along the curbs of parking lots and roadways. The grate that prevents larger objects from flowing into the storm sewer system is called a catch basin. Once below ground, the stormwater flows through pipes which lead to an outfall where the stormwater enters a stream, river or lake. In most areas of New Jersey, the stormwater sewer goes directly to local waterway without any treatment. In some areas of the state, the outfall may lead to a stormwater management basin. These basins control the flow of stormwater and can also improve water quality, depending on how they are designed. These basins are frequently seen in newer commercial and residential areas. In some older urban areas of the state, the stormwater and sanitary sewer systems may be combined. Here both stormwater and sewage from households and businesses travel together in the same pipes. Both stormwater and sewage are treated at sewage treatment plants except during heavy rains. During these occasions, both the stormwater and untreated sewage exceed the capacity of the treatment plant and this overflow is directed into local waterways. Protecting Stormwater Sewers In the first rush of water from a rainstorm, much of the debris and other pollutants that had settled on the land surface and in the stormwater sewer since the last storm will be picked up and carried into the local stream. This can significantly add to water quality problems. It is therefore important to protect the stormwater system from sources of pollution. The following should never be dumped down storm drains, road gutters or catch basins: motor oil, pet waste, grass trimmings, leaves, debris and hazardous chemicals of any kind. Anything dumped in our stormwater collection systems will be carried into our streams. Controlling Stormwater Flow Managing stormwater to reduce the impact of development on local watersheds and aquifers relies on minimizing the disruption in the natural flow - both quality and quantity of stormwater. By designing with nature, the impact of urbanization can be greatly reduced. This can be accomplished by following these principles:
You Can Make a Difference in Your Own Backyard Managing stormwater in your own backyard is important. As an integral part of the watershed you live in, what you do in your backyard makes a difference. Here are some examples of what you can do at home:
What is Nonpoint Source Pollution? Nonpoint Source Pollution, or people pollution, is a contamination of our ground water, waterways, and ocean that results from everyday activities such as fertilizing the lawn, walking pets, changing motor oil and littering. With each rainfall, pollutants generated by these activities are washed into storm drains that flow into our waterways and ocean. They also can soak into the ground contaminating the ground water below. Each one of us, whether we know it or not, contributes to nonpoint source pollution through our daily activities. As a result, nonpoint source pollution is the BIGGEST threat to many of our ponds, creeks, lakes, wells, streams, rivers and bays, our ground water and the ocean. The collective impact of nonpoint source pollution threatens aquatic and marine life, recreational water activities, the fishing industry, tourism and our precious drinking water resources. Ultimately, the cost becomes the burden of every New Jersey resident. But there"s good news - in our everyday activities we can stop nonpoint source pollution and keep our environment clean. Simple changes in YOUR daily lifestyle can make a tremendous difference in the quality of New Jersey"s water resources. Here are just a few ways you can reduce nonpoint source pollution. LITTER: Place litter, including cigarette butts and fast food containers, in trash receptacles. Never throw litter in streets or down storm drains. Recycle as much as possible. FERTILIZERS: Fertilizers contain nitrates and phosphates that, in abundance, cause blooms of algae that can lead to fish kills. Avoid the overuse of fertilizers and do not apply them before a heavy rainfall. PESTICIDES: Many household products made to exterminate pests also are toxic to humans, animals, aquatic organisms and plants. Use alternatives whenever possible. If you do use a pesticide, follow the label directions carefully. HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS: Many common household products (paint thinners, moth balls, drain and oven cleaners, to name a few) contain toxic ingredients. When improperly used or discarded, these products are a threat to public health and the environment. Do not discard with the regular household trash. Use natural and less toxic alternatives whenever possible. Contact your County Solid Waste Management Office for information regarding household hazardous waste collection in your area. MOTOR OIL: Used motor oil contains toxic chemicals that are harmful to animals, humans and fish. Do not dump used motor oil down storm drains or on the ground. Recycle all used motor oil by taking it to a local public or private recycling center. CAR WASHING: Wash your car only when necessary. Consider using a commercial car wash that recycles its wash water. Like fertilizers, many car detergents contain phosphate. If you wash your car at home, use a non-phosphate detergent. PET WASTE: Animal wastes contain bacteria and viruses that can contaminate shellfish and cause the closing of bathing beaches. Pet owners should use newspaper, bags or scoopers to pick up after pets and dispose of wastes in the garbage or toilet. SEPTIC SYSTEMS: An improperly working septic system can contaminate ground water and create public health problems. Avoid adding unnecessary grease, household hazardous products and solids to your septic system. Inspect your tank annually and pump it out every three to five years depending on its use. BOAT DISCHARGES: Dumping boat sewage overboard introduces bacteria and viruses into the water. Boat owners should always use marine sanitation devices and pump-out facilities at marinas. As you can see, these suggestions are simple and easy to apply to your daily lifestyle. Making your commitment to change at least one habit can result in benefits that will be shared by all of us and add to the health and beauty of New Jersey"s water resources. |
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MARK YOUR CALENDAR .DON T MISS THIS CONGRESS!(پنج شنبه 85 اسفند 17 ساعت 5:59 عصر )
MARK YOUR CALENDAR-
DON"T MISS THIS CONGRESS!
About the Conference
» Online Registration Open
» An Invitation to Attend (pdf)
The 2005 Watershed Management Conference, "Managing Watersheds for Human and Natural Impacts: Engineering, Ecological, and Economic Challenges" is sponsored by the Environmental and Water Resources Institute (EWRI) of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). This will be the ninth in a series of specialty conferences focused on watershed management. The conference was first held in Billings, Montana, in 1965 and has been repeated every five years since. This year"s conference will be held east of the Mississippi River, where the problems and challenges of urbanization and sprawl are particularly acute. Urbanization and land use change are pressing concerns throughout the U.S. as well as other parts of the world. In addition to the traditional challenges of meeting water quantity and quality regulations and flood mitigation requirements, today"s hydrologic engineers and watershed mangers must also contend with managing for sensitive species, the arrival of new water-borne diseases such as the West Nile virus, and increasingly complex regulations (e.g., TMDL"s).This conference will bring together a
diverse group of attendees, each with a critical stake in watershed management. Topics ranging in scope from state-of-the-art computer modeling, to field monitoring, to watershed science, to governmental policy and regulation all have a home at Watershed Management 2005. Individuals spanning just as broad a scope — engineers, hydrologists, biologists, ecologists, economists, attorneys, public officials, and governmental planners among them — are expected and encouraged to attend. As with past Watershed Management symposia, we especially encourage presentations from international professionals and experts whose unique perspective is central to the goals of this meeting.Please join us July 19-22, 2005, in Williamsburg, Virginia, and continue the tradition of the eight previous Watershed Management conferences.
Conference Topics
- Stream and Watershed Restoration, Constructed Wetlands, and Best Management Practices
- Modeling and Monitoring of Hydrologic Processes: Rainfall-Runoff, Snowmelt, ET, Infiltration, and Other Phenomena
- Effects of Fire and Post-Fire Mitigation on Watershed Hydrology
- Managing Watersheds for Control of Ecological Impacts
- Groundwater: Competing Demands, Contamination, Recharge, Mining, Salt Water Intrusion, and Other Challenges
- The Economics of Watershed Management: Government Policy and Smart Growth
- Managing Forested Watersheds: Roads, Fish Habitat, Stochastic Disturbances, and Other Challenges
PRE-CONFERENCE WORKSHOPS
Tuesday, July 19, 9:00 am - 5:00 pmUse the conference registration form to register for either of these two pre-conference workshops. The course fee is $250 for either workshop; save $50 by registering before June 21. The fee includes lunch, coffee breaks, and all course materials.
Treatment of Uncertainty in Water Resource Modeling and Analysis
Presenter: Srikanta Mishra, Ph.D., Senior Engineer and Project Manager for Intera Inc., Austin, Texas, and Adjunct Professor at the University of Texas at Austin
Srikanta Mishra, Ph.D., Senior Engineer and Project Manager for Intera Inc., Austin, Texas, and Adjunct Professor at the University of Texas at Austin
Scientists and engineers dealing with water resources are often confronted with uncertainty caused by incomplete knowledge and/or natural randomness. Traditional deterministic modeling of uncertainty in water resource models often involves the use of best guess or worstcase assumptions about model inputs to quantify their impacts on model predictions. Alternatively, a set of optimistic and pessimistic values is sometimes utilized to provide upside and downside forecasts around a reference scenario.
Recently, there has been greater interest in the use of probabilistic uncertainty analysis methods, which allow a better definition of the range of likely outcomes and the likelihood of each outcome. This workshop will provide an introduction to several such methodologies including Monte Carlo simulation, analytical error propagation techniques, and probability/logic tree analysis method.
Curve Number Rainfall-Runoff: Professional Application
Presenters: Richard H. Hawkins, Professor of Watershed Resources, University of Arizona, and Donald E. Woodward, Natural Resources Conservation Service (retired)
Richard H. Hawkins, Professor of Watershed Resources, University of Arizona, and Donald E. Woodward, Natural Resources Conservation Service (retired)
The Curve Number method is widely used in applied hydrology and environmental impact analysis. Because of its authority, unique technological niche, and transparency, it is the premiere technique for converting event rainfall into direct runoff. It finds wide application in rainfall response for ungaged watersheds, and as a process component in continuous models. It is however, incompletely understood, often misused or misapplied, and realizations for application and developments beyond the original handbook are not generally appreciated. This short course will provide an open factual background on the Curve Number Method: origins and assumption, limits of applications, and recent findings, leading to more informed professional application of the method. Its role in understanding general rainfall-runoff hydrology will be explored and discussed. The workshop includes active, open discussion with peers and the presenters.
Conference Format
The four-day conference will include a plenary session, technical sessions, poster sessions, workshops, trade exhibits, technical, and several networking events. Proceedings will be provided onsite at the conference.»» نظرات دیگران ( نظر)
Draft Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Pro(پنج شنبه 85 اسفند 17 ساعت 5:39 عصر )
EPA 841-B-05-005, October 2005Fact Sheet: Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Protect Our Waters
The Handbook
You can order a free copy of the Handbook from the National Service Center for Environmental Publications (NSCEP). Contact NSCEP at 800-490-9198 or by e-mail, nscep@bps-lmit.com. When requesting a copy of the Handbook, please refer to EPA document number: EPA 841-B-05-005. You can also download the Handbook here.
How Does this Handbook Help to Protect and Restore Water Resources?
This draft handbook is intended to help communities, watershed organizations, and state, local, tribal and federal environmental agencies develop and implement watershed plans to meet water quality standards and protect water resources. It was designed to help any organization undertaking a watershed planning effort, and it should be particularly useful to persons working with impaired or threatened waters. EPA intends for this handbook to supplement existing watershed planning guides that have already been developed by agencies, universities, and other nonprofit organizations. The handbook is generally more specific than other guides with respect to guidance on quantifying existing pollutant loads, developing estimates of the load reductions required to meet water quality standards, developing effective management measures, and tracking progress once the plan is implemented.
EPA is making this draft document widely available with the purpose of having it used and tested by a variety of watershed partnerships. EPA will be seeking advice from such organizations in developing the final version. A mailbox for emailed comments, suggestions, and corrections has been created. Please address them to watershedhandbook@epa.gov. Submissions should be received by June 30, 2006
The links below present the full handbook and the handbook divided into 13 chapters, contents (including the cover page, table of contents, and acronyms and abbreviations), 2 appendices, a glossary, and a bibliography, with downloadable PDF files for each. You may download each file by clicking on its link.
The Handbook
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Note: The full Handbook is a very large file that may take a long time to download. The individual parts (chapters and other divisions) of the full document are much smaller files that will open quicker. Opening the smaller files is the recommended viewing method. |
- Download the full Handbook in PDF (PDF, 6,721 kb, 414 pp.) (See Note, above.)
Contents
- Cover, Table of Contents & Acronyms & Abbreviations (PDF, 413 kb, 19 pp.)
- Chapter 1: Introduction
Brief description | Read full chapter (PDF, 311 kb, 10 pp.) - Chapter 2: Overview of Watershed Planning Process
Brief description | Read full chapter (PDF, 846 kb, 22 pp.) - Chapter 3: Build Partnerships
Brief description | Read full chapter (PDF, 623 kb, 24 pp.) - Chapter 4: Define Scope of Watershed Planning Effort
Brief description | Read full chapter (PDF, 616 kb, 20 pp.) - Chapter 5: Gather Existing Data & Create an Inventory
Brief description | Read full chapter (PDF, 1,461 kb, 56 pp.) - Chapter 6: Identify Data Gaps & Collect Additional Data if Needed
Brief description | Read full chapter (PDF, 513 kb, 26 pp.) - Chapter 7: Analyze Data to Characterize the Watershed & Pollutant Sources
Brief description | Read full chapter (PDF, 781 kb, 22 pp.) - Chapter 8: Estimate Pollutant Loads
Brief description | Read full chapter (PDF, 897 kb, 44 pp.) - Chapter 9: Set Goals & Identify Load Reductions
Brief description | Read full chapter (PDF, 396 kb, 16 pp.) - Chapter 10: Identify Possible Management Strategies
Brief description | Read full chapter (PDF, 528 kb, 26 pp.) - Chapter 11: Evaluate Options & Select Final Management Strategies
Brief description | Read full chapter (PDF, 843 kb, 42 pp.) - Chapter 12: Design Implementation Program & Assemble Watershed Plan
Brief description | Read full chapter (PDF, 714 kb, 38 pp.) - Chapter 13: Implement Watershed Plan & Measure Progress
Brief description | Read full chapter (PDF, 728 kb, 18 pp.) - Appendix A: Resources
Brief description | Read full appendix (PDF, 273 kb, 14 pp.) - Appendix B: Worksheets
Brief description | Read full appendix (PDF, 320 kb, 28 pp.) - Glossary
Brief description | Read full glossary (PDF, 174 kb, 8 pp.) - Bibliography
Brief description | Read full bibliography (PDF, 195 kb, 14 pp.)
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آموزشی (خطر مدیریت آبخیز داری)(پنج شنبه 85 اسفند 17 ساعت 5:25 عصر )
Online Training in Watershed Management
Watershed Change Modules
Analysis and Planning Modules 
Management Practices Modules
Community/Social/Water Law Modules»» نظرات دیگران ( نظر)
فرسایش بادی و راههای جلوگیری ( فرسایش بادی )انگلیسی.(چهارشنبه 85 اسفند 16 ساعت 11:22 عصر )
Strategy 1
Improve wind erosion prediction technology for cropland and extend it to range and disturbed land
Wind erosion prediction technology is applied to many problems: assessment of erosion control systems; determining national trends in erosion from various land uses; and simulating erosion for off-site environmental impact studies. New, physically based, wind erosion prediction technology will improve erosion predictions and the design of erosion control systems
Goals:
-Develop a process-based Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) that includes capability to simulate weather, the field soil and crop conditions, and wind erosion on a daily basis.
-Develop databases needed to support WEPS on a national basis
-Develop capabilities of WEPS to predict suspended dust, including fine particulates (PM-10) and plant damage
- Develop additional submodels that extend WEPS to range and distributed lands
Strategy 2
Increase our understanding of wind erosion processes to provide a scientific basis for development of prediction technology and of control measures
The processes that control wind erosion involve a multitude of interactions between climate, soil, plants, and management. A better understanding of the processes involved will provide scientific methods to improve the prediction and control of wind erosion. The application of these technologies will improve and maintain the quality of the world"s soil, air, and water resources; reduce damage to plants and machinery; improve the health of animals and humans; and reduce costs to society.
Goal:
- Conduct basic research on wind erosion processes to improve prediction technology
Strategy 3
Determine the on-site and off-site consequences of wind erosion
Conservation planning, economics, policies, and decisions often are based on the perceived consequences of wind erosion. However, information is inadequate about the on-site and off-site consequences of wind erosion. The state of knowledge is better for the on-site than for off-site consequences. However, the process-based Wind Erosion Prediction System will provide users with simulation capabilities that were not available in previous wind erosion prediction tools. Hence, it will improve our evaluation of both off-site and on-site problems
Goals:
-Determine effects of wind erosion on soil quality and productivity to enable simulation and evaluation of economic costs.
Quantify the effects of plant abrasion, burial, and blowouts by wind erosion-
Develop criteria for evaluating acceptable levels of wind erosion-
-Quantify the impacts of off-site consequences of air-borne sediments and attached chemicals on visibility, air quality, human health, water quality, economic costs (cleanup & machinery), habitat quality, and atmospheric albedo
Strategy 4
Develop economically and environmentally viable practices, guidelines, and systems that customers can apply to control wind erosion
For owners and managers to reduce susceptibility of their land to wind erosion and mitigate its effects when it does occur, they must be able to successfully implement current and future control practices that are economically and environmentally viable. New knowledge obtained from basic wind erosion-related research is utilized to produce innovative and improved practices, guidelines, and systems for application by end users. For users to employ these strategies, the information must be disseminated in a manner they comprehend. This requires information on potential economic and environmental impacts
Goals:
-Experimentally evaluate various soil- and climate-specific tillage and residue management practices for reducing wind erosion
-Enable customers to use WEPS directly in a decision aid mode to evaluate various combinations of control practices and determine the most cost-efficient practices for achieving the desired level of control
Strategy 5
Provide customer satisfaction through effective technology transfer
The Wind Erosion Research Unit conducts research of importance to society. The technology resulting from this research aids customers in understanding, predicting, and controlling wind erosion. To enjoy this benefit, technology must be transferred effectively to the customer
Goals:
Develop an international network for cooperation and information exchange-
-Provide user friendly training manuals for the use and interpretation of control strategies and WEPS technology.
Develop an educational version of WEPS and appropriate educational materials-
-Participate in joint field demonstration/research projects with the Natural Resources Conservation Service and extension agencies showing the benefits of wind strips, surface roughness, and standing and flat residues on reducing wind erosion.
-Sponsor an international symposium in 1997 celebrating the 50th anniversary of the Wind Erosion Research Unit
-Assist the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in implementing WEPS into the Field Office Computing System (FOCS
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Wind Erosion ( فرسایش بادی )(انگلیسی)(چهارشنبه 85 اسفند 16 ساعت 11:19 عصر )
Wind erosion is a serious environmental problem attracting the attention of many across the globe. It is a common phenomenon occurring mostly in flat, bare areas; dry, sandy soils; or anywhere the soil is loose, dry, and finely granulated. Wind erosion damages land and natural vegetation by removing soil from one place and depositing it in another. It causes soil loss, dryness and deterioration of soil structure, nutrient and productivity losses and air pollution. Suspended dust and dirt is inevitably deposited over everything. It blows on and inside homes, covers roads and highways, and smothers crops. Sediment transport and deposition are significant factors in the geological changes which occur on the land around us and over long periods of time are important in the soil formation process.
Soil movement is initiated as a result of wind forces exerted against the surface of the ground. For each specific soil type and surface condition there is a minimum velocity required to move soil particles. This is called the threshold velocity. Once this velocity is reached, the quantity of soil moved is dependent upon the particle size, the cloddiness of particles, and wind velocity itself.
Suspension occurs when very fine dirt and dust particles are lifted into the wind. They can be thrown into the air through impact with other particles or by the wind itself. Once in the atmosphere, these particles can be carried very high and be transported over extremely long distances. Soil moved by suspension is the most spectacular and easiest to recognize of the three forms of movement.
Saltation - The major fraction of soil moved by the wind is through the process of saltation. In saltation, fine soil particles are lifted into the air by the wind and drift horizontally across the surface increasing in velocity as they go. Soil particles moved in this process of saltation can cause severe damage to the soil surface and vegetation. They travel approximately four times longer in distance than in height. When they strike the surface again they either rebound back into the air or knock other particles into the air.
Creep - The large particles which are too heavy to be lifted into the air are moved through a process called surface creep. In this process, the particles are rolled across the surface after coming into contact with the soil particles in saltation.
Surface texture is the best key to wind erosion protection. Properly managed crop residues, carefully timed soil tillage, and accurately placed crop strips and crop barriers can all effectively reduce wind erosion 
Suspension, saltation, and surface creep are the three types of soil movement which occur during wind erosion. While soil can be blown away at virtually any height, the majority (over 93%) of soil movement takes place at or below one meter.
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Wind erosion is a serious problem in many parts of the world ( ف(چهارشنبه 85 اسفند 16 ساعت 11:3 عصر )
Wind erosion is a serious problem in many parts of the world. It is worse in arid and semiarid regions. Areas most susceptible to wind erosion on
agricultural land include much of North Africa and the Near East; parts of southern central, and eastern Asia; the Siberian Plains; Australia; northwest China; southern South America; and North America.
Wind erosion is a major problem on about 75 million acres of land in the United States. About 5 million acres are moderately to severely damaged each year. Wind erosion physically removes from the field the most fertile portion of the soil. Some soil from damaged land 
enters suspension and becomes 
part of the atmospheric dust load. Dust obscures visibility and pollutes the air and water, causes automobile accidents, fouls machinery, and imperils animal and human health.
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